In August of 2009 in Truckee, CA, a man was cooking on a stove when the pan caught fire, activating the fire sprinklers. Upon activation of the sprinklers, a violent explosion occurred which resulted in 1 death and 4 burn injuries to the family.

I came across this copy of a report (from the IAFSS mailing list) which details a report of a cooking fire turned explosive when the sprinklers were activated. Allegedly the propylene glycol used in the fire sprinkler system as an antifreeze aided in the explosive event, and another case is cited in which the antifreeze ignited and assisted in growing the fire from its ignition source.

The report can be found here: California –explosion– report (PDF)

While I have taken a few courses in fire sprinkler systems, I am not extremely familiar with the flammability of antifreeze such as propylene glycol, but allegedly the atomization of the droplets causing the liquid to become flammable was the cause of this explosion. More flammability and MSDS hazard info is cited in the report.

The report presents many questions at the end which would be useful in quantifying the relationship of the antifreeze in this case, especially since (to my understanding) propylene glycol is the most widely used antifreeze in sprinkler systems. I look forward to finding out more about this topic, and I think it’d be a great research project for a student or research firm to take on.

Every once in a while, someone makes an impression on you that lasts for a lifetime. It sticks with you every single time. This is one of those, although a bit on the nerdy side, it is one that can change the way you present information in a very meaningful way.

I was once sitting at the NIST annual fire conference, going about my business, and someone working on a project regarding the structural response aspect of buildings on fire showed a video in their presentation. No big deal, right? Normally, we get cool fire videos, then some plots, and so on. Sometimes the plots are interesting, sometimes they are default from Excel with the ugly legend and all – with no story to tell.

But not this guy. He showed a video with real-time plots superimposed over the video showing the exact real-time structural response of the structure overlaid on the video in a plot. “AMAZING!” I thought. And it stuck with me. A useful way to convey synchronous information. People love videos, why not tell the qualitative AND quantitative story at the same time?

So I started working in grad. school on fire problems, and naturally, soon thereafter, I was scheduled to give a presentation. As most of my real creative coding and writing work happens of hours between the hours of 1 AM and 6 AM, I wanted to make this happen. I REALLY wanted some real-time plotting action in my presentation. No Excel templates for me! So I stayed up for a couple nights and worked on a way to use MATLAB to make this plotting dream a reality: I worked on importing videos, messing with frame rates, tons of images, and so forth. And soon thereafter, it happened. I had a working script.

I used it to show plots of large-scale fire tests with actual and predicted flame heights vs. time as seen here:

And I used the script to show the predicted flame heights on a small-scale test in an amazing way that just about anyone can relate to, fire-crazed scientist or not:

From anyone who has seen the videos firsthand, the response has been amazing. This is a great teaching and communication tool, and surprisingly enough, I haven’t found any existing program or tool that does this. And so I am sharing the videos and script here for anyone to use to better convey information.

My next steps are: 1) to convert the script to Python (since I am now almost exclusively using Python+numpy+scipy for my graduate research and daily work instead of MATLAB, and 2) to make the script into a cross-platform and easy to use tool.

I’m providing the code in its raw and uncommented and unedited form. It generates a number of images with plots superimposed on them, and then it is trivial to use a program to stitch them together into a video. I used Quicktime’s built in method. Sorry, too much current work going on finishing my MS thesis and Master’s degree to clean up the code, but it’s a brutal use of the “release early, release often” ideal! Hopefully someone can make some use of it.

So, here are the linked .m files:

http://www.koverholt.com/scripts/ssPlotVideo.m
http://www.koverholt.com/scripts/fireplotVideo.m

Enjoy! And please leave your comments or ideas!

What do a 3,700 acre fire in California, a 100,000 square foot warehouse fire in Texas, and the execution of a Texas man in 2004 have in common?

They were all events linked to arson and serve to show us the complicated relationship man has with fire, even with the modern day engineering tools and cutting edge analysis methods available to us.

Let me explore these three events in more detail:

Jesusita Fire; May 2009; Santa Barbara, CA

In May of 2009, a 300 foot high wall of fire burning through Santa Barbara, CA had 30,000 people running out of their city and wondering what they would return to, if anything more than an ashtray of their home’s contents. 3,700 acres were burned and it was marked as the most threatening natural disaster in the history of Santa Barbara. The cause? A campfire that got out of control from nearby marijuana growers.

40 MPH winds served to spread the fire as fast as it could towards the city. At the end of it all, 78 homes were destroyed, 29 firefighters were injured, and 15.5 million dollars were used. All from a campfire. From pot growers. This event reeks seriously of the complicated relationship between humans and fire – a relationship of utility, usefulness, crime, chaos, and control. A relationship that cannot be engineered out by even the best computational fluid dynamics code in the world.

Gallery Furniture Fire; May 2009; Houston, TX

Moving from wildland fires to warehouse fires: in May of 2009, an iconic Houston furniture warehouse burned to the ground as freeway traffic crawled by with worried onlookers in the late evening hours. After a long night of fighting the fire, the 100,000 square foot Gallery Furniture warehouse was no more and fell victim to to the 4-alarm fire. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms stepped in and ruled the fire as arson, leading to the arrest of an employee who worked at the furniture store.

This fire hits me close to home since my Master’s thesis research involves warehouse storage and commodity fire protection and how it can be improved. I can formulate the best mathematical fire spread model for predicting fire spread along cardboard stacked to the ceiling, but will my math model account for a crazed man dumping gallons of gasoline in the warehouse and firing up a match? Absolutely not.

Willingham Residential Fire; Dec. 1991; Corsicana, TX

This last fire I’ll discuss was a residential fire in the city of Corsicana in Texas. In December of 1991, the home of Cameron Willingham was burned and his three children were killed in the fire. He was later arrested and imprisoned on the basis that he had set fire to his house and was responsible for the death of his children. The fire marshal’s investigative report backed this up. 12 years passed, and Cameron was executed in February of 2004 in Texas for murder charges.

Just a few days ago, in August of 2009, a report from Craig Beyler at Hughes Associates (one of many reports to check the validity of the fire investigations on Willingham’s residence) stated that the fire investigation seemed more like the work of psychics and mystics rather than scientific work. There are other human factors here at work – Cameron’s alleged abuse of his children is one example – but I am sticking to the discussion of the relationship between Cameron, the investigators, and fire. In the report, Beyler stated that the investigators had a poor understanding of fire science. And because of their poor understanding, a man was wrongly killed by the state.

Putting it all together: Humans, fire, and education

So the relationship of man vs. fire goes back to the first time someone discovered fire. It is very complicated. Now what? How can we use our understanding of this relationship to save lives?

While churning along my research path, I have learned that I favor fire research, fire dynamics, and fire forensics over alarm design, building construction work, or working with fire codes. The three fires that I discussed above are most interesting to me are all involving arson in some way – and humans in a big way. One fire came from clumsiness, one fire stemmed from passionate and crazed anger, and one fire put to death a wrongly accused person and killed three children. I don’t know about you, but to me, this serves to smack us fire protection engineers in the face with a reminder that the human element can never be ignored, or fully engineered out of the problem of fire. The consideration of the human element should be included in every thought, design, and fire model that is churned out.

And although a recent survey by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers showed that most people think that fire is the greatest likely event to cause harm to them, it also showed that only 18% of the respondents actually worried about the dangers of fire more than once a year. The solutions that fire protection engineering provides stem from years and years of exploring this relationship of people and fire: how crowds react in a building fire, how different residential occupants can be awoken in a fire, and how people respond to building fire alarms.

In my opinion, the best help in the impact of fire protection engineering is effective education of the public. Informing the public (in interesting and engaging ways!) about fire safety and what they can do in their homes and workplaces to stay safe. Informing college students about dorm fire safety. Moving on from stop, drop, and roll, and giving people more of the information and knowledge that they deserve. Informing residents about the benefits of fire sprinklers, and having a huge incentive to have them installed, even retroactively.

And who is responsible for all of these education efforts? Anyone and everyone in the fire protection field. From engineer to firefighter, fire librarian to professor, code official to fire marshal. Everyone can serve to help the big picture of educating the public by taking fire science courses, by working with code committees, by linking together agencies and people who need to be talking, but aren’t. Fire investigators can take fire science courses and fire scientists can run into burning buildings in training exercises. The more we know as professionals about the big picture, the more we can help and educate the public, and save lives in the process.

So again, I say that effective education of the public is the best tool in fire protection engineering. Because without an informed public, we can have the best fire models and investigators in the world, but we would only be putting a band-aid on the complex fire hose of man vs. fire.

I just finished reading a very interesting article by Dave Jamieson entitled “Letters From an arsonist”. The article delves into the mind of a serial arsonist (Thomas Sweatt) who set more than 350 fires over 25 years in Washington D.C. and costing the city millions of dollars before he was arrested and sentenced to two life terms in the federal penitentiary.

The letters are a fantastic look into how humans interact with fire and how the human mind can develop such an exotic relationship with something like fire – even in a fetishistic way. From one of the letters:

Why did I set the fires when I set them? That’s an all too familiar question that can not be understood if you don’t know the story. There were different reasons for most of the fires. It could be because of one feeling the need to have power about something or someone….I don’t want you driving that car so the fire becomes a weapon to destroy it.

Or in case of some house fires—I might like a particular style of a house and wish one day to own it (but it’s only a dream). Fire is a tool to destroy and some house fires also becomes my phantasy of people scrambling to exit windows and sort-of feel like they need my help so I stay and watch.

Fire destroys things, kills people, moves people in cars, keeps people warm, cooks people’s food, lights things, lifts planes, and on and on. Our relationship with fire is an oddly philosophical one.

After doing for so long it just became easier and easier but the fear of getting caught was always there. Each fire was like doing the first time and I’d always take deep breaths and ask the Lord to forgive me for what I’m about to do…

Sweatt was sexually driven to set these fires and received great erotic pleasure from watching the houses burn and the people escape for the sake of their lives. He constantly states that his intentions were not to harm the people, although he acknowledges that fire is “risky business”.

[...] it was her grandson that led me back to that house later that night only because I didn’t know him personnaly but saw him get the mail out of the mailbox on the front porch and he was tall and has a muscular build and I wanted to meet him so I would live out my phantasy thru fire watching him jump out of the window for help and come running to me. I raced home to watch the news and was sadden about the fatality but was fascinated by this huge fire. Wow! I’ll always remember this house.

My passion in fire protection engineering involves chasing the trails of fire – any clues or physically meaningful signatures that fire gives off – and characterizing them in a scientific sense. It’s very intriguing to break down fire into thousands of different smaller actions and facets.

At the same time, I realize that there is some ingrained mental pleasure that humans get from fire – some understood relationship. Sweatt led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms on a long chase as he developed his dangerously passionate love for fire.

Give the article a read when you have some extra time – it will take about an hour. You will get quite a bit of insight into the madness and intricacy of the human mind and fire. And how they work together in ways both good and bad. It was how Sweatt expressed himself in seeking pleasure.

Some people use guns, knives, etc. as weapons—I use fire as a source of weapon—Not afraid of fire at all; for it is my friend and I miss it. [...]

Now, this arsonist, Sweatt, took it to an extreme and caused 2 deaths, destroyed many homes, used up countless hours of fire service resources, and permanently affected the lives of many, many people. At least 353 fires. How does he feel today?

There was only 1 death, he wrote, so I left it at that.

[...] Those demons are still in me.

Earlier today, the professor for my Combustion class mentioned that for our final project, we will be working on a problem that currently has no solution. This intrigued me of course, as I wondered if our final grades would have no solution as well. After he explained, it made all the more sense and reminded me why my love and passion is in the field of fire protection engineering, the school I go to, and the people I work with: they all heavily align with my values and principles of sharing knowledge and making information available to everyone, everywhere.

[From NASA]

So, let me explain his model simply by example:

The professor said that when he first started this class 2 years ago, the students were working on a different problem with no solution… at the time. The class worked together and in the end the results were so significant that a couple of students took the initiative to publish the results in a scientific journal. The same happened when the class was taught last year – project done, paper published.

So what does this mean and why do you care? Well, all too often in the academic world, people can get caught up in working on projects and sort of work themselves into a dark corner where nobody gets to benefit from the results… and this is done in real life as well, not just academics. This is where the ridiculous amount of collaborative technology available to us comes in to play. Want to gather up notes on the Smagorinsky constant and publish them for anyone to find who is searching for them in the next 1000 years? Easy: 5 minutes. Want to publish your results in the most useful way? Easy: work on an open source project in your area along with your research – or make your own.

…Or you could write a paper, finish your thesis work, wrap up the loose ends in a few years and show a flashy poster of your work 5 years after anybody cares about it anymore or thinks it to be useful.

I digress. I just wanted to stress this new method of collaboration that is among us, and how it’s going to change the way that we work together and grow together in fire protection engineering and fire science.

[From Rowan University College of Engineering]

Why not make use of motivated students and brainpower when they come together? Here is me welcoming this new phase of community and collaboration in a field that directly impacts life safety and makes safer buildings around the world. So when we work on that final project in a few weeks, it’s not really at all about a grade anymore – it’s about a new way of doing science – together.

Update: This is exactly the kind of stuff that I’m talking about here, posted today on the SFPE National blog that I set up a year ago – collaboration: Foundation Funded Research underway at WPI

So there are scientists, and there are artful scientists. Here’s version 0.9999 of the graph from my last post in all of its full and smooth glory. It’s for a homework exercise in my combustion course (go ahead, click for full size – it’s fantastic):

Well, why do you care about my graph? I certainly do. There are many books about conveying information in statistics and how to present data in a very informationally dense format, sure. But let’s think about this graph that I made for a homework assignment. The purpose of the homework was for me to learn, yes? And that nice orange line bought me some extra credit worth 25 points, but that’s another story. I want to learn it inside out, run it amongst others, and in the end communicate great things to many, many people. Every time. With every action.

So I could have left the default Excel settings for the chart, but my soul cannot allow such a thing.

This graph shows relationships, it runs a conversation with itself and lets the numbers drive by each other and say hello. It’s living, and it talks to me. Check out the dark red diamond line called “Mixture Fraction”. This guy drives all of the others. Then the f’s come in. Then we go back to the real quantities like the mass fraction of oxygen (Yo) and fuel (Yf) and we can also grab temperature (in Kelvin) based off of what those f’s are telling each other.

Yes, yes, Kris. You are talking nonsense, I don’t like it. Well, perhaps I’m not as eloquent and direct as this guy (watch this great motivating video, do I ever let you down?):

But our messages are the same. Do what you love, and work your ass off at it. All the time. Not the old and dead cliched way of “do what you love” – but the minute by minute, day by day, just got home tired from work but I need more, but I don’t have the time, wake up and do it, it keeps you up and night, but I want to watch TV every day, what you REALLY want to do, an exact thing/action/pursuit every day until you die – kind of way.

If I wasn’t here loving my graphs at 2:34 AM in the morning and pondering the million things I just learned from this 4 day exercise, I’d quit. If I doubted for a second (as the guy in the video says), I’d do us all a favor and leave here. But I want this knowledge, and these relationships so very badly. And when the end-result comes along, I have a sick urge to spend so much time and detail on things so that others may benefit. Make your life, thoughts, and business public, and see what happens to it. It skyrockets.

Now do you see why I care about my graph? I’m proud of what it represents. Now go off and care about your own graph. For the rest of us.

I just finished the longest problem that I think I’ve ever worked on in my life. It took about 14 hours to complete this one problem in my combustion homework, but damn was it satisfying to finish and solve!

There is a serious amount of knowledge being learned here by all, and it does take time, sure; but it is very satisfying work. I could tell you about all of the above data points and how the mixture fraction of the fuel is a localized and conceptual version of the mass fraction or how the Shvab-Zel’Dovich parameters help to make such analysis possible, but I’ll leave that for you to learn in the combustion class if you take it.

Instead of that kind of talk, I was driven last night to my stove. I often get distracted while reading about fire and start fantasizing of ways that it actually connects to real life – I want to see it. And it just so happened that I was reading about the subject of diffusion flames.

Understandibly, I still have many unanswered questions about the love of my life: fire. Things like why it looks at me how it does with different colors representing how efficient the flame is burning or how much carbon is being produced and thereby how much radiant heat energy is being lost (I’m looking at you, sleek yellowy flame on the left).

So I was led to removing the cover panel on my gas stove last night and equipped only with a wet towel, I wanted some answers right then and there. Long story short, after 30 or so minutes of messing with the disassembled stove at midnight, I had a much better understanding of diffusion vs. premixed flames. For you, just know that there is an amazing amount of philosophy, fire dynamics, and fluid mechanics going on as soon as you turn the knob on your stove to on. Enough there for me to spend my whole life pondering about with passion, even.

In other news, on the opposite of my topic, it is quickly getting cold up here in MA. Tonight it’ll hit around 45 F before the sun peeks around the roof shingles. Life is good. Cool weather, good friends, and lots and lots of dedication to studies. And a bit of fun, come on now.

Well, I’m off for a much needed break. Take over on tackling your passion for me.

Peace.

Three fire engines and a ladder truck just blared by my house going southbound on the street and stopped about two blocks away. What a beautiful sound of the QO2 siren screaming by on a chilly city night. It takes me back to a few years ago, hearing the fire dispatch alert going out, gearing up in seconds at the station with 45 pounds of firefighter bunker gear, and peeking around each street corner as the truck leaned away from the turn – not knowing if there would be a small car fire or a huge commercial building fire. Terrified people waiting with nobody left to turn to as their family members are endangered by the power of fire. Their life history, photo albums, accomplishments, and material possessions having flames licked at them and could be vaporized into an ashtray within only a minute.

That blaring sound is why I do what I do. And people ask me, why do I like this field so much? Fire is mesmerizing, fire is better understood each day that passes by, but still greatly misunderstood. Fire is extremely useful. Fire is extremely devastating. Fire has context to define its will.

To me, understanding the dynamics of a fire dancing and licking around can be like trying to understand the psychology of billions of different humans. It can be like trying to catch something running away by using differential equations and fluid dynamics. It can be like painting a picture for hours or days and the end product is something that sticks with you every day for the rest of time.

It is like playing on a sports team and working with your family when working in the lab. We work for 3 hours on setting up temperature sensors and calorimeters and even more hours discussing and brainstorming in a room boiling over with a mental flood of science, passion, logic, deduction, and induction. All about fire. Then we burn our creation in 1.73 minutes and forever destroy it, releasing yet another drop in the endless pool of ongoing knowledge.

Here is a video that exhibits a very successful test burn from today. The box is filled with small plastic cups and packed like one that would be shipped. We set up instruments inside to measure the fire size, temperature inside at different places, cameras to record the flame standoff distance, and a ton of other information.

I guess in my version of 1984, things make sense in this way: fire is knowledge, community is power, and intuition is freedom.

This is why I do what I do.

Ohgod, ohgod, ohgod. My first day working in the fire laboratory at school and about 30 minutes into it this is what I get. Why am I so excited about fire? Fire!

The day started off cool enough with French combustion students presenting their projects done at WPI.

Just watch:

The test involves measuring the heat energy from the flame, tracking the flame as it spreads inside the box, and the mass loss rate of the box throughout the burn. The purpose of the test is to better classify the types of hazardous storage commodities and much more greater things than I can put into words.

As the lab student said today, “As much as we like to protect people from fire, we also really like to burn stuff.”

Fire. I love this place. Nerds, community, really motivated people. And fire.

What an intense day. My brain hurts, time for sleep.

WPI

Welp, I’ve been accepted to start my M.S. and eventually start my Ph.D. at Worcester Polytechnic Institute this fall! I will be studying fire protection engineering, a continuation of my bachelor’s degree. The school is populated with just under 4,000 students and it is a private engineering school. Not only does this school house one of the top fire protection engineering programs in the US, but the faculty and their work align closely with my values and passions in life.

The big move will look something like this in 8 weeks:

Some cool info about the school includes the fact that Robert Goddard went there and graduated in 1908 – he was the gradnfather of modern rocketry with the first liquid fueled rocket. Also, the fire protection engineering department has about 150 masters of science students and 4 (!) doctoral students. This is quite the opportunity I smell.

What I did during the summer of 2008

So far this summer I’m being funded by UHD as a last request to make a catalog of fire models for various textbooks. The work is very refreshing and I love to work when I learn much more than I expected. Another cool side effect of this work is that I can include the FDS models and example writeups on my website, free for anyone else in the world to see and learn from. The technical writeup is located here and it gets updated automatically anytime I change a single word in there. Eventually it will have links to FDS files for FDS users and students around the world to download and use on their own – I love technology.

FDS MESH Size Calculator tool

Finally, to finish off a nice post about fire protection engineering and FDS: I updated my FDS Mesh Size calculator on my other website to include some awesome and never-before-done functionality! It now takes in x, y, and z dimensions and an expected heat release rate and gives the user three MESH lines (coarse, moderate, and fine) to guide them on making an FDS file that has an adequately resolved MESH.

The tool can be found here on my FDS/sciency website and the nice folks at NIST gave me a link on their third-party tools page of the FDS website: http://fire.nist.gov/fds/thirdparty.html

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I know I post out-there stuff like this on my blog here sometimes, but this is what is on my mind and taking up my mental cycles and daily days. Jump in and read the linked pages or play with the tools of my creation!