Computer model of grassland fire simulation

At UT Austin, we have been performing small-scale, controlled experiments in our burn structure to determine ignition times and burning rates for grassland fuels as well as intermediate-scale, controlled experiments to determine the fuel and combustion properties of grass fuels, the effects of external wind on ember production, and the heat release rates of grass bunches.

Controlled grass fire test in the UT Austin burn structure

We can utilize the results of the small- and intermediate-scale experiments in full-scale computer simulations of grassland fires using modeling tools such as Wildland-urban interface Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS).

Using the results and methods from these controlled experiments along with the help of the wildland fire community, we plan to develop a framework to determine fuel properties of wildland fuels, predict the physics and fire dynamics behavior of wildland fires, and achieve safer conditions for people and property faced with the threat of wildland fire situations.

Related posts:

1. Poster for Cardboard B-number Research
2. Inverse fire modeling for heat release rate characterization
3. Buying a Burning

The abstract is as follows:

A ubiquitous source of uncertainty in fire modeling is the proper heat release rate for the fuel packages of interest. An inverse heat release rate (HRR) calculation method is presented to determine a HRR that satisfies measured temperature data. The methodology is developed by using synthetic temperature data using the Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) zone model to produce hot gas layer temperatures in a single compartment. The inverse HRR method runs at super-real-time speeds while calculating an inverse HRR solution that can reasonably well match the original HRR curve. Examples of the inverse HRR method are demonstrated by using a multiple step HRR case, experimental data with a constant HRR, and complex HRR curves. In principle, the methodology can be applied using any reasonably accurate fire model to invert for the HRR.

The slides can be downloaded here: Overholt_Combustion_2011

Related posts:

1. The Arrival of Collaboration in Fire Protection Engineering
2. Grassland fire research at The University of Texas at Austin
3. New web calculator tool – transient steel heating under fire conditions

http://www.koverholt.com/flame-height-and-plume-centerline-temperature-calculator/

Please let me know if you find any bugs, would like to give feedback on this tool, or have a request for another web calculator!

Related posts:

1. New web calculator tool – transient steel heating under fire conditions
2. New web calculator – t-squared fire ramp generator
3. Plotting data on videos – A useful way to convey qualitative and quantitive information

They were all events linked to arson and serve to show us the complicated relationship man has with fire, even with the modern day engineering tools and cutting edge analysis methods available to us.

Let me explore these three events in more detail:

Jesusita Fire; May 2009; Santa Barbara, CA

In May of 2009, a 300 foot high wall of fire burning through Santa Barbara, CA had 30,000 people running out of their city and wondering what they would return to, if anything more than an ashtray of their home’s contents. 3,700 acres were burned and it was marked as the most threatening natural disaster in the history of Santa Barbara. The cause? A campfire that got out of control from nearby marijuana growers.

40 MPH winds served to spread the fire as fast as it could towards the city. At the end of it all, 78 homes were destroyed, 29 firefighters were injured, and 15.5 million dollars were used. All from a campfire. From pot growers. This event reeks seriously of the complicated relationship between humans and fire – a relationship of utility, usefulness, crime, chaos, and control. A relationship that cannot be engineered out by even the best computational fluid dynamics code in the world.

Gallery Furniture Fire; May 2009; Houston, TX

Moving from wildland fires to warehouse fires: in May of 2009, an iconic Houston furniture warehouse burned to the ground as freeway traffic crawled by with worried onlookers in the late evening hours. After a long night of fighting the fire, the 100,000 square foot Gallery Furniture warehouse was no more and fell victim to to the 4-alarm fire. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms stepped in and ruled the fire as arson, leading to the arrest of an employee who worked at the furniture store.

This fire hits me close to home since my Master’s thesis research involves warehouse storage and commodity fire protection and how it can be improved. I can formulate the best mathematical fire spread model for predicting fire spread along cardboard stacked to the ceiling, but will my math model account for a crazed man dumping gallons of gasoline in the warehouse and firing up a match? Absolutely not.

Willingham Residential Fire; Dec. 1991; Corsicana, TX

This last fire I’ll discuss was a residential fire in the city of Corsicana in Texas. In December of 1991, the home of Cameron Willingham was burned and his three children were killed in the fire. He was later arrested and imprisoned on the basis that he had set fire to his house and was responsible for the death of his children. The fire marshal’s investigative report backed this up. 12 years passed, and Cameron was executed in February of 2004 in Texas for murder charges.

Just a few days ago, in August of 2009, a report from Craig Beyler at Hughes Associates (one of many reports to check the validity of the fire investigations on Willingham’s residence) stated that the fire investigation seemed more like the work of psychics and mystics rather than scientific work. There are other human factors here at work – Cameron’s alleged abuse of his children is one example – but I am sticking to the discussion of the relationship between Cameron, the investigators, and fire. In the report, Beyler stated that the investigators had a poor understanding of fire science. And because of their poor understanding, a man was wrongly killed by the state.

Putting it all together: Humans, fire, and education

So the relationship of man vs. fire goes back to the first time someone discovered fire. It is very complicated. Now what? How can we use our understanding of this relationship to save lives?

While churning along my research path, I have learned that I favor fire research, fire dynamics, and fire forensics over alarm design, building construction work, or working with fire codes. The three fires that I discussed above are most interesting to me are all involving arson in some way – and humans in a big way. One fire came from clumsiness, one fire stemmed from passionate and crazed anger, and one fire put to death a wrongly accused person and killed three children. I don’t know about you, but to me, this serves to smack us fire protection engineers in the face with a reminder that the human element can never be ignored, or fully engineered out of the problem of fire. The consideration of the human element should be included in every thought, design, and fire model that is churned out.

And although a recent survey by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers showed that most people think that fire is the greatest likely event to cause harm to them, it also showed that only 18% of the respondents actually worried about the dangers of fire more than once a year. The solutions that fire protection engineering provides stem from years and years of exploring this relationship of people and fire: how crowds react in a building fire, how different residential occupants can be awoken in a fire, and how people respond to building fire alarms.

In my opinion, the best help in the impact of fire protection engineering is effective education of the public. Informing the public (in interesting and engaging ways!) about fire safety and what they can do in their homes and workplaces to stay safe. Informing college students about dorm fire safety. Moving on from stop, drop, and roll, and giving people more of the information and knowledge that they deserve. Informing residents about the benefits of fire sprinklers, and having a huge incentive to have them installed, even retroactively.

And who is responsible for all of these education efforts? Anyone and everyone in the fire protection field. From engineer to firefighter, fire librarian to professor, code official to fire marshal. Everyone can serve to help the big picture of educating the public by taking fire science courses, by working with code committees, by linking together agencies and people who need to be talking, but aren’t. Fire investigators can take fire science courses and fire scientists can run into burning buildings in training exercises. The more we know as professionals about the big picture, the more we can help and educate the public, and save lives in the process.

So again, I say that effective education of the public is the best tool in fire protection engineering. Because without an informed public, we can have the best fire models and investigators in the world, but we would only be putting a band-aid on the complex fire hose of man vs. fire.

Related posts:

1. The Arrival of Collaboration in Fire Protection Engineering
2. On the Topic of Human Touch
3. Why Do I Chase Fire? (and video)

I have completed a presentation summarizing my research, and this was presented at the 6th U.S. National Combustion Conference on May 19, 2009, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

The presentation can be downloaded or viewed in many different formats by using the links below:

Powerpoint format

HTML format

Quicktime format (.mov)

PDF Format

Related posts:

1. Poster for Cardboard B-number Research
2. Characterizing Flammability of Corrugated Cardboard Using a Cone Calorimeter

I have completed a poster summarizing the research, which downloaded and viewed using the links below:

B number research poster

• JPG copy of poster (1.4 MB)

Related posts:

1. Presentation for Cardboard B-number Research
2. Characterizing Flammability of Corrugated Cardboard Using a Cone Calorimeter
3. Grassland fire research at The University of Texas at Austin

In warehouse storage applications, it is important to classify the burning of cardboard because it provides a source of flaming combustion and is usually the first item to ignite and sustain flame spread. This study develops a methodology to obtain a non-dimensional mass transfer number (or Spalding’s B-number) by using the mass loss measurements from a cone calorimeter. The small-scale experimental measurements are used to model upward flame propagation on a 20-30 foot high rack-storage warehouse commodity packed in corrugated cardboard boxes. Good agreement is observed between the simple model and large scale experiments during the initial stages of fire growth.

The paper can be seen here: Characterizing Flammability of Corrugated Cardboard Using a Cone Calorimeter

Cardboard flame spread tests

Related posts:

1. Poster for Cardboard B-number Research
2. Presentation for Cardboard B-number Research
3. M.S. thesis paper published

[From NASA]

So, let me explain his model simply by example:

The professor said that when he first started this class 2 years ago, the students were working on a different problem with no solution… at the time. The class worked together and in the end the results were so significant that a couple of students took the initiative to publish the results in a scientific journal. The same happened when the class was taught last year – project done, paper published.

So what does this mean and why do you care? Well, all too often in the academic world, people can get caught up in working on projects and sort of work themselves into a dark corner where nobody gets to benefit from the results… and this is done in real life as well, not just academics. This is where the ridiculous amount of collaborative technology available to us comes in to play. Want to gather up notes on the Smagorinsky constant and publish them for anyone to find who is searching for them in the next 1000 years? Easy: 5 minutes. Want to publish your results in the most useful way? Easy: work on an open source project in your area along with your research – or make your own.

…Or you could write a paper, finish your thesis work, wrap up the loose ends in a few years and show a flashy poster of your work 5 years after anybody cares about it anymore or thinks it to be useful.

I digress. I just wanted to stress this new method of collaboration that is among us, and how it’s going to change the way that we work together and grow together in fire protection engineering and fire science.

[From Rowan University College of Engineering]

Why not make use of motivated students and brainpower when they come together? Here is me welcoming this new phase of community and collaboration in a field that directly impacts life safety and makes safer buildings around the world. So when we work on that final project in a few weeks, it’s not really at all about a grade anymore – it’s about a new way of doing science – together.

Update: This is exactly the kind of stuff that I’m talking about here, posted today on the SFPE National blog that I set up a year ago – collaboration: Foundation Funded Research underway at WPI

Related posts:

1. The human element in fire protection engineering
2. Why Do I Chase Fire? (and video)
3. Updates on welcomed unstability

Three fire engines and a ladder truck just blared by my house going southbound on the street and stopped about two blocks away. What a beautiful sound of the QO2 siren screaming by on a chilly city night. It takes me back to a few years ago, hearing the fire dispatch alert going out, gearing up in seconds at the station with 45 pounds of firefighter bunker gear, and peeking around each street corner as the truck leaned away from the turn – not knowing if there would be a small car fire or a huge commercial building fire. Terrified people waiting with nobody left to turn to as their family members are endangered by the power of fire. Their life history, photo albums, accomplishments, and material possessions having flames licked at them and could be vaporized into an ashtray within only a minute.

That blaring sound is why I do what I do. And people ask me, why do I like this field so much? Fire is mesmerizing, fire is better understood each day that passes by, but still greatly misunderstood. Fire is extremely useful. Fire is extremely devastating. Fire has context to define its will.

To me, understanding the dynamics of a fire dancing and licking around can be like trying to understand the psychology of billions of different humans. It can be like trying to catch something running away by using differential equations and fluid dynamics. It can be like painting a picture for hours or days and the end product is something that sticks with you every day for the rest of time.

It is like playing on a sports team and working with your family when working in the lab. We work for 3 hours on setting up temperature sensors and calorimeters and even more hours discussing and brainstorming in a room boiling over with a mental flood of science, passion, logic, deduction, and induction. All about fire. Then we burn our creation in 1.73 minutes and forever destroy it, releasing yet another drop in the endless pool of ongoing knowledge.

Here is a video that exhibits a very successful test burn from today. The box is filled with small plastic cups and packed like one that would be shipped. We set up instruments inside to measure the fire size, temperature inside at different places, cameras to record the flame standoff distance, and a ton of other information.

I guess in my version of 1984, things make sense in this way: fire is knowledge, community is power, and intuition is freedom.

This is why I do what I do.

Related posts:

1. 18 minutes with an agile mind – video
2. The Arrival of Collaboration in Fire Protection Engineering
3. Three Men One Trip

In just over 9 days, I will be departing for the big move to Massachusetts with nothing more than 16 boxes holding 30 cubic feet (about 224 US gallons) of my belongings. I will be traveling with my dad and cousin Abel and leaving behind 23 years of memories physically in the good old Houston of Texas.

The trip will involve a little-engine-that-could Ford station wagon and a Nighthawk 750 motorcycle with the three of us alternating riders for all of the comfort and enjoyment that the 1800 miles will bring upon us. The trip will look something like this:

I was fortunate after looking at 2200+ postings on craigslist to find a place to live for a good price (good by New England’s standards) which has all bills included AND is fully furnished! All I have to go on is a few pictures from the landlord and a few external supporting pictures thanks to modern technology (Thanks Google and Microsoft!):

I’ve tried to make it a focal point just to be a listener for my last days in Houston. My story is already known; I just want to slowly and patiently take information in as the final days leak through the drain.

Tianguis Cultural del Chopo

Last night, I met someone who was embarking on an adventure at the same time as I, except in a much different direction. She lives in Austin and will be taking THE bus down to Monterrey, Mexico then flying into Cuba for a few days. Just to explore the world and take in more experiences, couchsurfing style. What a great idea.

While I was looking around and making a customized Google map to share with her some cool spots that lay back in my memory, I was trying hard by visual cues and street names and picture order to find a punk/hippie/skater flea market that I ran across in Monterrey. I believe that it was fashioned after this concept in Mexico City:

The Tianguis Cultural del Chopo is a Saturday flea market near Mexico City downtown, known locally as El Chopo. [...]

Originally, the Tianguis was a place for hippies to trade sixties memorabilia including not only records but also clothing, magazines, books and other collectibles. Eventually, the Tianguis has also given place to more recent musical styles like metal, goth, punk, grunge and ska, among others. Almost always, some local and touring bands play live gigs at the back of the market, where you can also find the casual traders standing and looking up for that rare and collectable record or CDs.

On the northern end of the market at Aldama and Camelia is an area called Espacio Anarcho-punk. Vendors in this part of El Chopo sell mostly books, movies, and other materials that have an anarchist or radical perspective. Many of the Espacio Anarcho-Punk vendors contribute to a weekly zine of the same title addressing local social issues and radical politics.

(from Wikipedia)

Lots of cool stuff to be seen in the world.

Information R/evoultion

An excellent video about how information access, sharing, collaboration, and all of my other favorite things going on in the world is here:

Related posts:

1. Why Do I Chase Fire? (and video)
2. Updates on welcomed unstability
3. Drop drop drop